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Amitabh,

Imaging Infrared Spectrometer onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter

Abstract Views :264 | PDF Views:95

Authors

Arup Roy Chowdhury ¹, Arup Banerjee ¹, S. R. Joshi ¹, Moumita Dutta ¹, Ankush Kumar ¹, Satadru Bhattacharya ¹, Amitabh ¹, Sami Ur Rehman ¹, Sunil Bhati ¹, J. C. Karelia ¹, Amiya Biswas ¹, Anish R. Saxena ¹, Satish Sharma ¹, Sandip R. Somani ¹, H. V. Bhagat ¹, Jitendra Sharma ¹, D. N. Ghonia ¹, B. B. Bokarwadia ¹, Ajay Parasar ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 118, No 3 (2020), Pagination: 368-375

Abstract

Imaging Infrared Spectrometer (IIRS) is an imaging hyperspectral instrument for mineralogy of the lunar surface (including the hydroxyl signature). IIRS operates in the 0.8–5 μm spectral range with about 250 contiguous bands. It has 80 m ground sampling distance and 20 km swath at nadir from 100 km orbit altitude. Optical design is based on fore-optics and Offner (convex multi-blazed grating)-type spectrometer. Focal plane array is HgCdTe (mercury–cadmium–telluride)- based actively cooled to 90 K, having 500 × 256 pixels format with 30 μm pixel size. Electronics comprises proximity, logic and control, power supply and cooler drive electronics. Mechanical system is realized to house various subsystems, namely optics, detector, electronics and thermal components meeting the structural, opto-mechanical thermal component and alignment requirements. Thermal system is designed such that the instrument is cooled and maintained at fixed temperature to reduce and control instrument background. Aluminum-based mirror, grating and housing are developed to maintain structural as well as opto-mechanical and thermal requirements. This article presents IIRS realization and spectroradoimetric performance.

Keywords

Hyperspectral Imaging, Infrared Spectrometer, Moon, Orbiter.

Full Text

References

Banerjee, A. et al., SW–MW infrared spectrometer for lunar mission. In Proceedings of SPIE 9880, Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Techniques and Applications VI, 98801F, 30 April 2016; doi:10.1117/12.2228225.

Kiran Kumar, A. S. et al., Hyper Spectral Imager for lunar mineral mapping in visible and near infrared band. Curr. Sci., 2009, 96(4), 496–499.

Pieters, C. M. et al., The Moon mineralogy mapper (M³) on Chandrayaan-1. Curr. Sci., 2009, 96(4), 500–505.

Mall, U. et al., Near Infrared Spectrometer SIR-2 on Chandrayaan1. Curr. Sci., 2009, 96(4), 506–511.

Pieters, C. M. et al., Character and spatial distribution of OH/H₂O on the surface of the Moon seen by M³ on Chandrayaan-1. Science, 2009, 326, 568–572.

Clark, R. N., Detection of adsorbed water and hydroxyl on the Moon. Science, 2009, 326, 562–564.

Sunshine, J. M. et al., Temporal and spatial variability of lunar hydration as observed by the deep impact spacecraft. Science, 2009, 326, 565–568.

Klima, R. et al., Remote detection of magmatic water in Bullialdus Crater on the Moon. Nature Geosci., 2013, 6, 737–741.

Bhattacharya, S. et al., Endogenic water on the Moon associated with non-mare silicic volcanism: implications for hydrated lunar interior. Curr. Sci., 2013, 105, 685–691.

Bhattacharya, S. et al., Detection of hydroxyl-bearing exposures of possible magmatic origin on the central peak of crater Theophilus using Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M³) data. Icarus, 2015, 260, 167–173.

Li, S. et al., Water on the surface of the Moon as seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper: distribution, abundance and origins. Sci. Adv., 2017, 3, e1701471.

Milliken, R. E. and Li, S., Remote detection of widespread indigenous water in lunarpyroclastic deposits. Nature Geosci., 2017, 10, 561–565.

Orbiter High Resolution Camera onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter

Abstract Views :280 | PDF Views:84

Authors

Arup Roy Chowdhury ¹, Manish Saxena ¹, Ankush Kumar ¹, S. R. Joshi ¹, Amitabh ¹, Aditya Dagar ¹, Manish Mittal ¹, Shweta Kirkire ¹, Jalshri Desai ¹, Dhrupesh Shah ¹, J. C. Karelia ¹, Anand Kumar ¹, Kailash Jha ¹, Prasanta Das ¹, H. V. Bhagat ¹, Jitendra Sharma ¹, D. N. Ghonia ¹, Meghal Desai ¹, Gaurav Bansal ¹, Ashutosh Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 118, No 4 (2020), Pagination: 560-565

Abstract

Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter-craft, is a very high spatial resolution camera operating in visible panchromatic band. OHRC’s primary goal is to image the landingsite region prior to landing for characterization and finding hazard-free zones. Post landing operation of the OHRC will be for scientific studies of small-scale features on the lunar surface. OHRC makes use of the time delay integration detector to have good signal-tonoise ratio under low illumination condition and less integration time due to very high spatial resolution. Ground sampling distance (GSD) and swath of OHRC (in nadir view) are 0.25 m and 3 km respectively, from 100 km altitude. GSD is better than 0.32 m in oblique view (25° pitch angle) during landing site imaging from 100 km altitude in two stereo views in consecutive orbits. This article includes the details of the configuration, sub-systems, imaging modes, and optical, spectral and radiometric characterization performance.

Keywords

Ground Sampling Distance, Orbiter High Resolution Camera, Relative Spectral Response, Square Wave Response, Time Delay Integration.

Full Text

Terrain Mapping Camera-2 onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter

Abstract Views :263 | PDF Views:99

Authors

Arup Roy Chowdhury ¹, Vishnukumar D. Patel ¹, S. R. Joshi ¹, A. S. Arya ¹, Ankush Kumar ¹, Sukamal Paul ¹, Dhrupesh Shah ¹, Pradeep Soni ¹, J. C. Karelia ¹, Minal Sampat ¹, Satish Sharma ¹, Sandip Somani ¹, H. V. Bhagat ¹, Jitendra Sharma ¹, Amitabh ¹, K. Suresh ¹, R. P. Rajasekhar ¹, B. B. Bokarwadia ¹, Mukesh Kumar ¹, D. N. Ghonia ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad 380 015, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 118, No 4 (2020), Pagination: 566-572

Abstract

The paper presents the design and development of Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) for Chandrayaan- 2 including science objectives; system and sub-system configuration along with the realized performance of the camera; payload characterization; aspects related to data products, etc. TMC-2, onboard Chandrayaan-2 orbiter-craft is a follow-on of the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) onboard Chandrayaan- 1. It operates in visible panchromatic band. It comprises three identical electro-optical chains aligned for three views (–25, 0 and +25 degree) along track direction for generation of stereo images. It provides data with 5 m horizontal ground sampling distance to generate digital elevation model. TMC-2 based on the new configuration and sub-system designs has reduction in mass and power by more than 40% compared to TMC, without compromising the performance.

Keywords

Digital Elevation Model, Light Transfer Characteristics, Relative Spectral Response, Signal-to-noise Ratio, Stereo Imaging, Square Wave Response, Terrain Mapping Camera-2.

Full Text

References

Kiran Kumar, A. S. and Chowdhury, A. R., Terrain mapping camera for Chandrayaan-1. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 2005, 114(6), 717–720.

Kiran Kumar, A. S. et al., Terrain mapping camera: a stereoscopic high-resolution instrument on Chandrayaan-1. Curr. Sci., 2009, 96, 492–495.

Kiran Kumar, A. S. et al., The terrain mapping camera on Chandrayaan-1 and initial results. In 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston Texas, 2009, Abstract #1584.

Arya, A. S., Rajasekhar, R. P., Guneshwar Thangjam, Ajai and Kiran Kumar, A. S., Detection of potential site for future human habitability on the Moon using Chandrayaan-1 data. Curr. Sci., 2011, 100, 524–529.

Arya, A. S., Rajasekhar, R. P., Amitabh, Gopala Krishna, B., Ajai and Kiran Kumar, A. S., Morphometric, rheological and compositional analysis of an effusive lunar dome using high resolution remote sensing data sets: a case study from Marius hills region. Adv. Space Res., 2014, 54, 2073–2086.

Arya, A. S. et al., Morphometric and rheological study of lunar domes of Marius Hills volcanic complex region using Chandrayaan1 and recent datasets. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 2018, 127, 70.

Arya, A. S. et al., Lunar surface age determination using Chandrayaan-1 TMC data. Curr. Sci., 2012, 102, 783–788.

Strain/Stress Evaluation of Dorsa Geikie using Chandrayaan-2 Terrain Mapping Camera-2 and Other Data

Abstract Views :239 | PDF Views:81

Authors

A. S. Arya ¹, Joyita Thapa ², Abhik Kundu ², Rwiti Basu ², Amitabh ¹, Ankush Kumar ¹, Arup Roychowdhury ¹

Affiliations
1 Space Applications Centre, Jodhpur Tekra, Ambawadi Vistar, Ahmedabad 380 015, India, IN
2 Department of Geology, Asutosh College, 92, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700 026, India, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 121, No 1 (2021), Pagination: 94-102

Abstract

The high-resolution panchromatic stereo camera Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) on-board the Indian Chandrayaan-2 mission sends images of the lunar surface at 5m resolution with a low to high sun-angle from an altitude of 100km. These images help identify subtle topographic variations and enable mapping of low-elevation landforms, one of which is a prominent ~220km long wrinkle ridge called the Dorsa Geikie (DG) lying within Mare Fecunditatis. The favourable resolutionof TMC-2 images and the digital elevation models provide opportunities for a detailed structural study of the DG and to reveal crustal shortening, cumulative contractional strain andpalaeostress regime responsible for thrust faulting for the first time.The time of deformation and formation of dorsa is also estimated for a holistic spatio-temporal understanding of deformation. This study presents initial analysis of the data received from TMC-2, and the accuracy of the results are likely to improve as the ingredients get amended and evolved in future

Keywords

Displacement-Length Scaling, Lunar Contraction, Mare Fecunditatis, Stress/Strain Evaluation, Wrinkle Ridges.

Full Text

References

Chowdhury, A. R. et al., Terrain mapping camera-2 onboard Chandrayaan-2 orbiter. Curr. Sci., 2020, 118(4), 566.

International Astronomical Union, Dorsa Geikie, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, 1976.

Bryan, W. B., Wrinkle-ridges as deformed surface crust on ponded mare lava. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. Proc., 1973, 4, 93.

Schultz, R. A., Localization of bedding plane slip and backthrust faults above blind thrust faults: keys to wrinkle ridge structure. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets, 2000, 105(E5), 12035–12052; https:// doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001212.

Williams, N. R., Shirzaei, M., Bell III, J. F. and Watters, T. R., Inverse modeling of wrinkle ridge structures on the Moon and Mars. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Abstract id: P33C-2141, 2015.

Li, B., Ling, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, J., Ni, Y. and Liu, C., Displace-ment-length ratios and contractional strains of lunar wrinkle ridges in mare serenitatis and mare tranquillitatis. J. Struct. Geol., 2018, 109, 27–37.

Watters, T. R., Johnson, C. L. and Schultz, R. A., Lunar tectonics. In Planetary Tectonics (ed. Watters, T. R.), Cambridge University Press, 2010, vol. 11, pp. 11; 121.

Watters, T. R. et al., Evidence of recent thrust faulting on the Moon revealed by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter camera. Sci-ence, 2010, 329(5994), 936–940; doi:10.1126/science.1189590.

Solomon, S. C. and Head, J. W., Vertical movement in mare basins: relation to mare emplacement, basin tectonics, and lunar thermal history. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth, 1979, 84(B4), 1667–1682; https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB04p01667.

Solomon, S. C. and Head, J. W., Lunar mascon basins: lava fill-ing, tectonics, and evolution of the lithosphere. Rev. Geophys., 1980, 18(1), 107–141; https://doi.org/10.1029/RG018i001p00107.

Head III, J. W. and Wilson, L., Lunar mare volcanism: stratigra-phy, eruption conditions, and the evolution of secondary crusts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1992, 56(6), 2155–2175; https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90183-J.

Whitford-Stark, J. L., The geology of the lunar mare Fecunditatis. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Texas, USA, 1986, vol. 17, pp. 940–941.

Carr, M. H., Saunders, R. S., Strom, R. G. and Wilhelms, D. E., The geology of the terrestrial planets, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, USA, 1984, pp. 107–206.

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Fernandes, V. A. and Burgess, R., Volcanism in mare fecunditatis and mare crisium: Ar–Ar age studies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2005, 69(20), 4919–4934; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca. 2005.05.017.

Mason, R., Guest, J. E. and Cooke, G. N., An imbrium pattern of graben on the Moon. Proc. Geologists’ Assoc., 1976, 87(2), 161–168; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7878(76)80008-9.

Garfinkle, R. A., Observing lunar wrinkle ridges. In Luna Cogni-ta, Springer, New York, USA, 2020, pp. 979–992; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1664-1_27.

Arya, A. S. et al., Morpho-tectonic evaluation of Dorsa-Geiki wrinkle ridge using Terrain Mapping Camera-2 onboard Chandry-aan-2. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Texas, USA, 2020, abstr. #1386.

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Riris, H. et al., The lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA) on NASA’s lunar reconnaissance orbiter (LRO) mission. In Confer-ence on lasers and Electro-optics. Optical Society of America, San Jose, USA, 2008, p. CMQ1.

Smith, D. E. et al., Initial observations from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA). Geophys. Res. Lett., 2010, 37(18), L18204.

Michael, G. G. and Neukum, G., Planetary surface dating from crater size–frequency distribution measurements: partial resurfac-ing events and statistical age uncertainty. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2010, 294(3–4), 223–229.

Kneissl, T., van Gasselt, S. and Neukum, G., Map-projection-independent crater size–frequency determination in GIS environ-ments – new software tool for ArcGIS. Planet. Space Sci., 2011, 59(11–12), 1243–1254; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.03.015.

Ruj, T., Komatsu, G., Pondrelli, M., Di Pietro, I. and Pozzobon, R., Morphometric analysis of a Hesperian aged Martian lobate scarp using high-resolution data. J. Struct. Geol., 2018, 113, 1–9; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.04.018.

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Cowie, P. A. and Scholz, C. H., Displacement-length scaling rela-tionship for faults: data synthesis and discussion. J. Struct. Geol., 1992, 14(10), 1149–1156; https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(92)90066-6.

Clark, R. M. and Cox, S. J. D., A modern regression approach to determining fault displacement-length scaling relationships. J. Struct. Geol., 18(2–3), 147–152; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80040-X.

Kim, Y. S., Peacock, D. C. and Sanderson, D. J., Fault damage zones. J. Struct. Geol., 1996, 26(3), 503–517; https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.002.

Kim, Y. S. and Sanderson, D. J., The relationship between dis-placement and length of faults: a review. Earth-Sci. Rev., 2005, 68(3–4), 317–334; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.003.

Schultz, R. A., Okubo, C. H. and Wilkins, S. J., Displacement-length scaling relations for faults on the terrestrial planets. J. Struct. Geol., 2006, 28(12), 2182–2193; https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jsg.2006.03.034.

Yue, Z., Li, W., Di, K., Liu, Z. and Liu, J., Global mapping and analysis of lunar wrinkle ridges. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets, 2015, 120(5), 978–994.

Yue, Z., Michael, G. G., Di, K. and Liu, J., Global survey of lunar wrinkle ridge formation times. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2017, 477, 14–20; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.048.

Dasgupta, D., Kundu, A., De, K. and Dasgupta, N., Polygonal impact craters in the Thaumasia Minor, Mars: role of pre-existing 1. Chowdhury, A. R. et al., Terrain mapping camera-2 onboard Chandrayaan-2 orbiter. Curr. Sci., 2020, 118(4), 566.

International Astronomical Union, Dorsa Geikie, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, 1976.

Bryan, W. B., Wrinkle-ridges as deformed surface crust on ponded mare lava. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. Proc., 1973, 4, 93.

Schultz, R. A., Localization of bedding plane slip and backthrust faults above blind thrust faults: keys to wrinkle ridge structure. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets, 2000, 105(E5), 12035–12052; https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001212.

Williams, N. R., Shirzaei, M., Bell III, J. F. and Watters, T. R., Inverse modeling of wrinkle ridge structures on the Moon and Mars. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Abstract id: P33C-2141, 2015.

Li, B., Ling, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, J., Ni, Y. and Liu, C., Displace-ment-length ratios and contractional strains of lunar wrinkle ridges in mare serenitatis and mare tranquillitatis. J. Struct. Geol., 2018, 109, 27–37.

Watters, T. R., Johnson, C. L. and Schultz, R. A., Lunar tectonics. In Planetary Tectonics (ed. Watters, T. R.), Cambridge University Press, 2010, vol. 11, pp. 11; 121.

Watters, T. R. et al., Evidence of recent thrust faulting on the Moon revealed by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter camera. Sci-ence, 2010, 329(5994), 936–940; doi:10.1126/science.1189590.

Solomon, S. C. and Head, J. W., Vertical movement in mare basins: relation to mare emplacement, basin tectonics, and lunar thermal history. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth, 1979, 84(B4), 1667–1682; https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB04p01667.

Solomon, S. C. and Head, J. W., Lunar mascon basins: lava fill-ing, tectonics, and evolution of the lithosphere. Rev. Geophys., 1980, 18(1), 107–141; https://doi.org/10.1029/RG018i001p00107.

Head III, J. W. and Wilson, L., Lunar mare volcanism: stratigra-phy, eruption conditions, and the evolution of secondary crusts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1992, 56(6), 2155–2175; https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90183-J.

Whitford-Stark, J. L., The geology of the lunar mare Fecunditatis. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Texas, USA, 1986, vol. 17, pp. 940–941.

Carr, M. H., Saunders, R. S., Strom, R. G. and Wilhelms, D. E., The geology of the terrestrial planets, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, USA, 1984, pp. 107–206.

Hiesinger, H., Head III, J. W., Wolf, U., Jaumann, R. and Neukum, G., New ages for basalts in Mare Fecunditatis based on crater size-frequency measurements. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Texas, USA, 2006, vol. XXXVII, abstr. #1151.

Cadogan, P. H. and Turner, G., 40Ar–39Ar dating of LUNA 16 and LUNA 20 samples. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A: Math. Phys. Sci., 1977, 284(1319), 167–177; https://doi.org/10.1098/ rsta.1977.0007.

Fernandes, V. A. and Burgess, R., Volcanism in mare fecunditatis and mare crisium: Ar–Ar age studies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2005, 69(20), 4919–4934; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca. 2005.05.017.

Mason, R., Guest, J. E. and Cooke, G. N., An imbrium pattern of graben on the Moon. Proc. Geologists’ Assoc., 1976, 87(2), 161–168; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7878(76)80008-9.

Garfinkle, R. A., Observing lunar wrinkle ridges. In Luna Cogni-ta, Springer, New York, USA, 2020, pp. 979–992; https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-4939-1664-1_27.

Arya, A. S. et al., Morpho-tectonic evaluation of Dorsa-Geiki wrinkle ridge using Terrain Mapping Camera-2 onboard Chandry-aan-2. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Texas, USA, 2020, abstr. #1386.

Chin, G. et al., Lunar reconnaissance orbiter overview: The instru-ment suite and mission. Space Sci. Rev., 2007, 129(4), 391–419.

Robinson, M. S. et al., Lunar reconnaissance orbiter camera (LROC) instrument overview. Space Sci. Rev., 2010, 150(1–4), 81–124.

Riris, H. et al., The lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA) on NASA’s lunar reconnaissance orbiter (LRO) mission. In Confer-ence on lasers and Electro-optics. Optical Society of America, San Jose, USA, 2008, p. CMQ1.

Smith, D. E. et al., Initial observations from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA). Geophys. Res. Lett., 2010, 37(18), L18204.

Michael, G. G. and Neukum, G., Planetary surface dating from crater size–frequency distribution measurements: partial resurfac-ing events and statistical age uncertainty. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2010, 294(3–4), 223–229.

Kneissl, T., van Gasselt, S. and Neukum, G., Map-projection-independent crater size–frequency determination in GIS environ-ments – new software tool for ArcGIS. Planet. Space Sci., 2011, 59(11–12), 1243–1254; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.03.015.

Ruj, T., Komatsu, G., Pondrelli, M., Di Pietro, I. and Pozzobon, R., Morphometric analysis of a Hesperian aged Martian lobate scarp using high-resolution data. J. Struct. Geol., 2018, 113, 1–9; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.04.018.

Neukum, G., Ivanov, B. A. and Hartmann, W. K., Cratering rec-ords in the inner solar system in relation to the lunar reference sys-tem. In Chronology and Evolution of Mars (eds Kallenbach, R., Geiss, J. and Hartmann, W. K.), Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, Bern, Switzerland, 2000.

Chamberlin, R. T., 1910. The Appalachian folds of central Penn-sylvania. J. Geol., 2001, 18(3), 228–251.

Cowie, P. A. and Scholz, C. H., Displacement-length scaling rela-tionship for faults: data synthesis and discussion. J. Struct. Geol., 1992, 14(10), 1149–1156; https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(92)90066-6.

Clark, R. M. and Cox, S. J. D., A modern regression approach to determining fault displacement-length scaling relationships. J. Struct. Geol., 18(2–3), 147–152; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80040-X.

Kim, Y. S., Peacock, D. C. and Sanderson, D. J., Fault damage zones. J. Struct. Geol., 1996, 26(3), 503–517; https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.002.

Kim, Y. S. and Sanderson, D. J., The relationship between dis-placement and length of faults: a review. Earth-Sci. Rev., 2005, 68(3–4), 317–334; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.003.

Schultz, R. A., Okubo, C. H. and Wilkins, S. J., Displacement-length scaling relations for faults on the terrestrial planets. J. Struct. Geol., 2006, 28(12), 2182–2193; https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jsg.2006.03.034.

Yue, Z., Li, W., Di, K., Liu, Z. and Liu, J., Global mapping and analysis of lunar wrinkle ridges. J. Geophys. Res.: Planets, 2015, 120(5), 978–994.

Yue, Z., Michael, G. G., Di, K. and Liu, J., Global survey of lunar wrinkle ridge formation times. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2017, 477, 14–20; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.048.

Dasgupta, D., Kundu, A., De, K. and Dasgupta, N., Polygonal impact craters in the Thaumasia Minor, Mars: role of pre-existing faults in their formation. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sensing, 2018, 47(2), 257–265; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-018-0919-3.

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Amitabh,

Imaging Infrared Spectrometer onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter

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Strain/Stress Evaluation of Dorsa Geikie using Chandrayaan-2 Terrain Mapping Camera-2 and Other Data

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